MILITARY HISTORY OF PAKISTISN.

Main Artical:(BLOCH  NATIONALIST  UPERSINING)

Baloch confict:

(see also baloch nationalism).

The baloch rebellin of the 1970 was the most threatening civil disorder to a united since bangladesh secession the pakistan amry froces wanted to establish military garrisos in balochistan province which at that time was a quite lawles and run by tribal jastics the ethnic balochis. Saw this was avalation of their territonal rights. Emboldend by the stand takeen by sheikh muji bur rehman 1971,  The baloch and pashutn nationalists also demanded their. Their provincal rights from then prime minister zulfkar ali Bhutto in exchange for the consennsal approvl of the pakistan constutioin of 1973, but while bhutto admited the NWFP and balochistan to NAP coailtion he refused to nagotiate with the provical goverments led by chief minister in quetta and mufti surving the palitical instabillty bhutto contral goverment saceed two provinincal goverment with six month arsted the two chief minister. Two governers and foty-four MNA and MPA obtained an order from the supreme court baming the NAP and changed charged then all wiht high terson to be tried by a specially constiuted. Ityderbad tribunal of handpiked  judges in the time baloch. Nationalist insurgancey erupted.

and sukd the armed froces into the province .

 This allowed general rahimuddin khan to act as an absoulte matrial law administaor unanwerable to the center goverment both genral zia ul haq and genural rahimuuddin khan supported the diclaration of ganeral amnesty in balochistan to these willing. To give up arms general rahimudin khan then purposefely isolated feudel leaders. Such as nawab akbar khan bugti and atullah mengal from provinical policy he also military put down allcivil disobedience movements effetively leading to uppecdeuted to martial law his rign was the longest in the history of balochistan(1977-1984), tenisons have resufaced recently in the province with the paksitan army bening involed in attacked attacked against an insurgency know as the balochatin liberation armed attempted uprsinng the have take place as recently as 2005,

PAKISTAN ZINDA BAD.

THE WAR OF 1971,

Main Article: Bangladesh liberation warand Inda-Pakistan war 1971.

The first democratic elections in pakistan were held in 1970, with awami league winning with a substantial majority however yahaya khan banned the awami league and declared martial after tanks on sharing power falied bhutto was famusly hard saying break the legs if any member of attend the inaugural session at the nation assembly faring on capitalzation on west pakistan west pakistan fears of east pakistani separatist and bhutto demaneded to from a coalition with mujib both mujib and bhutto were agreed upon the coalition goverment with bhutto as president and mujb as prime minister the military goverment and general yahya khan was keep unware of such of these delelopment both bhutto and mujib coutined a political pressue on khan military goverment . General yahaya khan was postpade the inaugural session and order to arrest mujib was sent to military court where his case headed by judge advocate general branch bigadier.

Genral  Rahimuddn khan faced with popular unrest and revoit in gest pakistan the army and naye clamped dwon through vioenec the military goverment of general yahaya khan order rear admiral mohammad shariff commander of estran naval command of the pakistan navy. And lietentant genral amir abdullah khan nazi commander ot the gastern military command of pakistan army to cub and liberate east pakistan from the resistance the navy and army crack down and brutalities during the operation searchlight and operation barisal and the continued killngs throughtout the late mouths resuled in further resentment among the east pakistanwith india assisting and funding the mukti bahni war broke out between the separaitst supporters in bangladesh and paksitan indo pakistanwar 1971, during the confict the coordination between the armed froces were not taken on confidence each froces had led their own independent operations with out notifing to taking on confidence the higher command. To relase the pressure from east pakistan the pakistani army attacked indian out spot at longewala where merely 120, indian amry of 23 punjab regiment was protecing the post the attack was backed by tank regiment but without any air support the battle was decislvely own by the indian army.

with the help of indian air force resulted sutting down of wetrn front it was share example of poor condination of amry, Air force as part of re organizing the country bhutto first disbanded the commander in chief title in the pakistan armed froces he also decommissioned the paksitan armed froces. He also decommissioned the pakistan marines as auntil of the control pakistan armed forces officals and 93,000 soldiers PDW the largest since war 11 the offical war between india and pakistan ended in just a fortnight on december 16,1971 with pakistan losing east pakistan which became banagladesh the offical banladesh goverment clam puts the number of bengali  civilan fataitles at 3 millon

Recovery from the 1971,

The military goverment was collapsed as a result of the war. and the contral of the countery was handed over to the zulfikar ali bhutto became country first chief martial law administrator as well as first commander in chief of pakistan. Armed forces be come the leader of his countery in january 1972 bhutto made his move and started the nuclear deterence programme under munir ahmed khan and his advisor abdul salm in july 1972, bhutto proceeded the shimla agreement with india gandhi of india and brought bacme 93,000 pakistani armed froces personnel and recoginized east pakistan as bangladesh as part of re organzing the countery, bhutto first disbanded the commander in chief title in the pakistan armed froces he also decommissioned the pakistan marines. As a unit of pakistan army navy insted chief of staff were opponited itn the three branches and bhutto opponited all 4 star offcers as the chief of staff. in the pakistan armed froces general tikka khan infamous the role in bangladesh liberation war became the first chief of army staff of pakistan army admiral mohammad sharff as first 4 star admiral in the navy and as the first chief of naval staff of pakistan navy and air force because the cording between the armed froces were unsuppoted and the inffective in 1976, bhutto also created the office of joint chief of staff committe for maintaning the coordiantion beween.

The Armed Forces generl muhammad sharff 4 star genral was made its first chairman of the joing of staff committee pakistan defence speding rose by 200% during the bhutto democrate era but the military blance india pakistan wich was at a rough parity during the 1960, was growing decisley in india favor unde bhutto the education system forign poicy and since policy was repiled changed under bhutto goverment funding of the since was exponentillay incressed paksitan atomic enegry commision and kahuta research laboratories class fil projects were launched under bhutto funded the claese filed the military since and engineering projects entrused and led by lieutent general zahid ali akbar of the pakistan army crops of engineers.The united states once again becaame a major soure of military hardware following the armys embargo in 1975, but by then pakistan had become heavly dependent on china as an arms suppler heavy spending on defenuse re energzid  the army which had suuk to its lowest morale fallowing the date base of the 1971, war the high defense expendiure took money from other development projects such as education health care and housing.

PAKISTAN ZINDA BAD PAKISTAN AMRY ZIDNA BAD

Artical:(REBULIDING THE ARMED FORCES)

The united states was disllusioned by a war in which both countries fought easch other with equipment wihich had been sold for defensive purposes and to stop the spread of commansim. Pakistan calmis that an india attempt to. Fully integrate indian contralled kashmir in to the union of india had compelled.It to act fell on deaf ears in the johson adminstradion and by tuly 1967, the united state withdrew its military assitance advisory groap in reponese to these event pakistan.

declined to renew the lease on the peshwar military facility which ended in 1969, enentually united state pakistan relations grew measuraly weaker as the united state became more depply havolved in victam and as its bordar interest in the seeuivty of south asia wanted. The soviet union countinued the massive bulid up of the indian military and a us arms embargo froced. Pakistan to look at other options it turned to china north korea germany itlay and france for military aid china in particular gave pakistan over 900, tanks  mig 19 fighter and enaugh equipment to fully equpi 3 infantry divisons france  supplied some mirage aircraft submarines and even the soviet union gave pakistan arounnd 100 t-55 taknks mi-8 Helicopters but that aid was abruptly stopped under inkese indian pressure pakistan is this periad was partially able to enhance its military capabillty .

INVOLVEMENT IN ARAB CONFICTS.

main Artical: six day war north yemen civil war black september in jorden and hulf war.

pakistan had sent number military advisers to jordan and syria to help in the their training and military preparations for any potential war the with israel planes inelduing  of their own.

Jorden and iraq decorated pakistan advisors had remained in jorden and were traning the jorden forces in 1970, king hussein of jorden decided to romved the PLO and its froces from jorden by froce alter a series of terroicst acts attribted to the PLO which indermined jordenian sovereighty on september. 16 king hussein declared martial law. The next day jordanian tanks attacked the headquaters of palestinian organzations in amman the had of pakistan traning mission to jorden  bigadier general zia ul haq took command of the jordan army 2nd divison and helped jorden during this crisie pakistan aganits assisted during the yom kippur war sixteen PAF pilots volunteered for servies in the air froces of egypt and syria the PAF CONTINGET DEPLOYED TO INCHAS AIR  base led by wing commander massood hatif and five other pilots plus two air difence during this war syrain goverment decorated fight lieutenat starr alvi when he shot down isreili mirage over the golan hights.

The Golan hights the PAF pilots then became instructs in the syrian air froce at dumayr air base and after the war paksitan countinued to send military advisers to syria and jorden a part from military advisers no pakistani ground froces participetd in this war in 1969, south yeman which was under a communist regime and astrong ally of the USSP attacked and caputred mount vadiya inside the province of sharoora in saudia arabia many PAF officers as well army personnel who were serving in khamir mushayt training the saudia air frocetook active part in this battle in which the enemy was untimately driven back during the gulf war in 1990, the paksitani goverment jonined the international communtily in condeming the iraq invasion of kuwait pakistan also jonid the coaltion froces to expet saadam hussein froces from kuwait how ever that was not easy decision as the COAS, of the pakistani army was against sending pakistan soldiers to fight the fewllow muslim nation of iraq this caused a area strain in the relation ship between saudia arabia and paksitan later on pakistan agreed to send forces to assist the coalidion froces and most of these froces were deployed along the saudia border with yemen which sided with iraq during the confict and pakistani forces were also stationed around various reigious sites throught saudia arabia pakistan sltered no casuattles in the  confisct and later joind the un in rebuilding kuwait destroyed infrastraucture.

ALLIANCE WITH CHINA.

See also:(people repulic of china-pakistn Realtion)

After india defeat in the sino-indian war of 1962,india began a rapid program of refoming and killer who shot him dead aftter he had done the deed why the police fired in the air to create panic stampeda and confusion due to this confusion fatally injured pm could not b e taken to hospital in time why thouse who planned the murder took so many persons in confidence CIA fixed the place of assassination of pakistan. pm  LAK ZAB and BB in the vicinty of GHQ to prove that fanatics in army do not like their PM. After his death the polltical turmol further destbillzed the countery1958, retried major general and president is kander mriza took over the countery and deposed the goverment of prime minister feroz khan noon

and Declared first  martail law on october 7,1958 president miza personally appointed his close associate gerneral Ayub khan.

THE WAR ON 1965,

Main Articall: Indo-Pak war of 1965.

In Pakistan after the sino-indian war in 1962, the military of india was seen as being weaked.This analysis was proven true when a small border skirmash occured between india and pakistan in the rann of kutchon april 1965, where the indian army was caught unperaped. The skirmish occured between the border police of both countries due to poorly defined borders and later the armies of both countries the pakistan army that was pakid back home emboldend by this sucess operation gibraitar a covert infitration attempt in kashmir was launched later in the year the year plane was to start a rebellian among local kashmiris and attacks the reubulding indian army thus capturing kashmir by froce as the pakistan army command believed

that it had aqualited superiortly over their nighbours how ever this proved over ambitious as indian kashmiris did notsupport the intruding pakistan armyand a full fledged was across the internation border.1965,  indo-pakistan war of 1965, borke out between india and pakistan army full fiedged war across the international the goal of taking over india controlled kashmir while indian arms pakistan air force and indian air force were indulged masslve air warfare in this war pakistan Army could not achieve the goal of taking over controlled kashmir while india army faild to fullit its aspiration of capturing lahore and slalkot while on the offensive both the armies were occupying some of each others. Territory resulting in a stalemate us had imposed an arms embargo on both india and pakistan during the war and pakistan was affected more by the armys embargo as it had not spare parts for its air force tanks and other equipment while india quanutitative edge making up for their the war finaly ended in casefire

MILITARY HISITORY OF PAKISTAN.

Artcical: The first military rule.

Since its independle the democrate system has been distrubed the pakistan army generals in 1951 the military intelingance folied ally against india by 1954 the americans had decided that pakistan along with turkey and Iran would be deal countries to counter soviet influece these fore pakistan and usa signed the mutual defense assistance agrement and american aid began to flow in pakistsn the was follwed by two more agrements in 1965, pakistan joined the south east asian treaty organzittion SEATO  and the baghdad pact later to be renmad as central asian tready organzietion CENTO after iraq 1959 pakistan receved over a billion dollars in military aid form united states between 1954 and 1965 this aid greatly enbanced pakistan defense.capabillty as new equipment and wepons conjpiarcy aganist the goverment of first prime minister liaqat ali khan. The m i under major general syed shaid hamid arrested major akbar khan along with over senior  officers akabar was subsequenty  court martied was relieved from his serves on octorber 19, 1951 liqat ali khan was assassineted by the alleged aghan national said akaber hired by the united states and pakistan army.

The first two shots wich hir liqat ali khan pm with great spontaneity by two entered near the heat and an exit near his waist indcates that these were fires from a great height of a tree simulatanvely by two bullets wich were romeved from the body of genral ali razmara iranian pm on 7 march 1951 these special bullets were us by us Army officers and were not available in market these were not issued to pakistan or iranian army police renown philosopher and writer mr saadat hassan munto has descrided the assasstnation of pm as bolody darma being hit by two bulltes could not have come as much of a surprise for the pm liqat ali khan but what bothered saadat munto was the manner in which the tragic drama ended there were serveral men around the aloeged killer who shot him killer who shot him dead aftear be had done the deed why the police fired in the air to create panic stampeda and confusion due to this confusion fatally injured pm could not be taken to hospital in time why those who planned the murder took so many persons  in confidence CIA fixes the place of assassination of pakistan pm lak zab and bb in the vicinty of GHQ to prove that fanatics in army don not like their pm

After  his deathh the pollitical turmal further destbillzed the countery 1958 retried major general and president islcander mrize took over the country and deposed the goverment of prime minister feroz khan noon and decelared first macrtail law on october  7 1958 president miza personally oppointed his close associate general ayub khan him self apponited him as 5 star field marshal and bulit up the releationship with the united state and the west a formal allance inlucding pakistan iran iraq and turkey was formad and was called the baghdad poct CENTO which was to defentd the middle east and persian gulf from soviet communsist desgins

MILITARY HISTORY PAKISTAN.

Artical:The War of 1947.

(Information Indo-Pak war of 1947),

Pakistan had its first of war almost imeediately in the first kashmir war where it sent its Air Forces in to Kashmir, Kashmir had a muslim majorty population but the choise of which country to join was given to be maharaja hari singof kashmir he was neat able to decided whether to join india or pakistan by late october the over throw of the maharaja seemed immient he souught military assitance from india for which he sighn an instrument of accession with india.

The Army was pushed back the indians but hot before occupying the northwestern part of kashmir crounghly 40% of kashmir which pakistan still controls the rest remaning under indian corntral except for the portion ceded by paksitan to China.

US AID.

(See also foriegn aid to Pakistan)

with the faulire at the united states to persuade india to join an anti communist pact it turned towards pakistan which in contrast with india was prepared tojoin such an allance in return of military and encomic aid and alos to find a potenail ally against india by 1954 the Americans had decided that pakistan along with tarkey and Iran would be deal countries to counter soviet influece, There fore Paksitan and usa signed the mutual defense assistance agrement and american aid began to flow in pakisan. The was followed by two more agremeents in 1965 pakistan joined the south east asian treaty arganziuth SEATO. and the baghadad pact later to be renmad as central asian treaty organzietion CENTO, after iraq in 1959 pakistan receved over abillion dollars in military aid form united states between 1954 and 1965 this aid greatly enbanced pakistan defense capabillty as new equment  and weapons after demin status ended in 1956 with the formation of a constution and a declaru of pakistan as an islamic republic the military took contral in 1958 and held power for more than to years during this time paksitan had deceloped close military relations with any middle esternconutriers to whom pakistan sent military advisers and this releationship countnues to the persent day

MILITARY HISTORY OF PAKISTAN.

Articl:Brith of the modern Military.

(Further in information History of the pakistan Air Force)  

 On June 3 1947 the British Goverment annoued its plan to divide British India and Pakistan and the subsequent transfer of power to the two countries Resulted in independence of pakistan This divison of the Britsh indian Army occured on june 30,1947 in which pakistan received six armoed eight artilleg and eight infantry regiments compared to the forty armored forty artillery and twenty one infantry regiments that went to india.At the divison conucli wich was chaired by rear admiral lord mounbatleen of burma the viceroy of In

and was composed of the leaders of  the muslim leagle and the indian nation Pakistan was forced to accepta smaller share of the armed forces as most of the military assets such as weapons depots military bases etc. Were located insde the new union of india while those that were in the new dominion of pakistan were india and pakistan had operation control over their armed forces general sir frank messery was oppend as the first army commando in cheif on the paksitan amry general messery was succeded in post in febuary 1948 by General sir dougls Gracey who served until January 1951 The Pakistan armed forces intially numbered around 150,000 men many scattered around various bases in india and needing to trans ferred to pakistan by train. The indiependencecreated large scale communal violence in the india in total around 7 million muslim migrated to the estimated requirement of 4000 officers of pakistan and 5 million sikhs and hindus to india wich over a millon people dying in pakistani armed forces only 2,300 actually available. The neutral British officers were asked to fill in the gap and nearly 500 valunteered as well as many polish and hungarian officers to run the medical cops.By october 1947 pakistani had rasid four divions in west pakistan and one division in great pakistan with and one division strength of ten infantry brigades

with thirteen tanks many birgads and battelts with in these divisons were below half strength but pakistani personael countinned to arrive from all over india the middle east and north Africa and from south east asia mountbatten and field marshal sir claud aclchinleck the last commander in chief india had made it clear to pakistan that in case of war with india on other member of the commonwealth would come to pakistan help.

MILITARY HISTORY OF PAKISTAN.

Artical:Mughal Empire.

See also Mughal Army:

form the 16th to the 19 th cendury the formidable mughal empire covered much of india in 1739 the persian emeror neder shab in vadad india defeated the mughal empire muhammad sbab and occupied most of balochistan and the indus plain after. nadir shah death the kingdom of  afghanistan was eastablished in 1747 by one of his generals ahmad shah abadil and included kashmir pershwar daman multan sindh and punjab in the south a succession of atonomous dynasties had asserted the independence of sindh from the end aurangzeb regin most of balochistan came under the inflnece of the khan of kalat apart from the end of aurangzeb regin most of balochistan came under the inflnce of the khan of kalat apart from some coastal areas such as gawadar wich were ruled by the sultan of oman.  The sikh confederacy 1748-1799 was a group of small states in the punjab that empreged in a political vacum created by rivalry between the mughals afghans and persians.

The confederacy drove out the mughals repelled several afghan invasions and in 1764 captured lahore however after the retreat of ahamd shah abduil the confederacy suffered instabilly as disput and rivlries emergad the sikh empire 1799-1849was formed on the foundations of the confederacy bu rangit sing who proclamied himself sarkar warla and was referred toas the maharaja of lahore. His empire eventvally extended as far west as the khyber pass and as far south as multan amongst his conquests were kashmir in 1819 and pershawar 1834 although the afghans made two attemrts to recover peshwar agter the majaraja death empire was weaked by internal divisions and political mismanagcment the british annexd the sikh empire in 1849 two anglo sikh wars.

MILITARY HISTORY OF PAKISTAN.

Artical: (Muslim conquests.)

(see also muslim conquest in the india).

712 ce a syrian muslim chieftain called Muhammad bin qasim conquest most of the indus region for the umayyad empire in 997 cb mahamud of ghazni conquest the bulk of khorsan marched on peshwar in 1005, and followed it by the conquest of punjab1007, Balochistan 1011, kashmir 1015, and qanch 1017, by the yamuna river in the east and the Ghazavid daynasty lasted until 1187, in 1160, muhammad bin qasim conquered ghazi from the ghaznavids and became its governor in 1173, he marched eastwards into the raming ghaznavid territory and gujarat inthe 1180 but was rebuffed bu gujarat solanki rules 1186, he conquered lahore brinnging the last of ghaznevid territory under his controp and endding the ghaznevid empire muhammad Gori returned to lahore after 1200 to deal with a revoit of the rajput ghakkar raid on his punjab. He suppressed the revoit but was killed during a ghakkar raid on his camp.

on his punjab he suppressed the revoit but was killed during a ghakkar raid on his camp on the jhelum river in 1206, muhammad ghori successors established the first indo islami daynsty the delhi sultand the mamulk dynasty seized the throne of Afghan daynasites ruled their empirs form dehil the mamulik 1211-90. the khajil 1209-1320,the tughlaq 1320-1413,sayyid 1414-15, and the lodhi 1451-1526, although some kingdons ramained independent of dhile in gujarat malwa bengal and deccan almost all of the indus plain came under the rule of these large indo klamic sultanates perhaps the greatesd contribution of the sultanatc was its temporay success in insulating south asia from the mongol invasion from central asia in the bth century nonetheless the sultanes enventnally lost afghanistan and western pakistan to the mongoes.

TOPIC:  MILITARY HISTORY OF PAKISTAN

Articl: Ancient empires.

The Region of modern day pakistan formed the most easternmost populous and richest satrapy of the most easternmost of the persian achamemid empire for almost two centuies starting from the regin of darius the great the first major confict erupted when alexander the great overthrew the achameind empire in and matrched eastwards eventually after defeating king prous in the fierce battle of the hydaspes he conquered much of the punjab region but his battle weaery traop refused to advanec further into india to engage formidable arny of nanda dynsty and its vangurad of tramping elephauts new monstorities to the invaders. There fore alexander proceded south west along the indus valley along the way he engaged in several battles with samaller kingdoms before marching his army westward across the makran desert towards modern tran.

Alexander founded several new mocedoniom/greek sttements in gandara and punjab as alexander the great greek and persian armies withdrew westwerd the satrafs left behind by alexander were defeated and conquered by chandrapgupta maurya who found the maura empire wich ruled the region from 321-185 bc The mauryes empire it sellf conquered by the shunga empire which ruled the region form185-to 73 bc. other region such as the khyber pass was left unguarded and a wale of foreign invasion followed. The greek boctrian king demetrius capitalized and he conquered southen afghanistan  and pakistan around 180-bc farming the indo- greek kingdom.alitmate disappard as a political entry around 10, ad following the inasions of the central asian indo-scythians. Their empire morphed in the khushan empirs who ruled until 375 ad the region was then conquered by the persian indo-sassanid empire who ruled rarge parts of it until 565-ad.

Article:

MILITARY HISTORY OF PAKISTAN;

The military history of  Pakistan encompasses an immence ponorama of conficts and stuggles exteding for more than 2,000 year across areas constituting modern pakistan and the greater south Asia. The history of the modern day military of  Pakistan begins from post 1947, after pakistan achieved its independence as a modern nation state. The military holds a significant place in the history of pakistan as the Pakistani Armed froces have played and still countinue to play a voital roale in the pakistani establishment and shapping of the countery since its inception. Although pakistan was founded as a Democracy after its independence from the British Raj, the military has remained one of the countery most powerful institution and has on occasion overthrown Democratically efected civilan goverments on the basis self assessed mismanagement  and corruption. Almost none of the four military coups had a justifed motive successine goverments have made sure that the military has stepped into the political arena before at times of crisis through coup etat to establish military dictatorship and could do so again. The military was created in 1947, by division of the Bristh indian Army and was given units who had a long and cherished history during the Britsh indian such as the khyber Riffels and had seen intensive serves world war 1 and world war 2, may of the early leaders of the military had fought in both world wars. The military draws on inspiration from the richcombat history that has occured

 

with in the area of modern day pakistani soil and use example of sacrifice and perverance to embolden troops. And has named meadles of valor niknamed for combat division and indigenous weapon sueh as the short range ballistic missiles Ghaznavi. Wich is named in honour of mahmud of Ghazna who founder the Ghaznavid Empire and ruled from 997, to 1030, since the time of independence the militery has fought three major wars with indian. It has also fought a limted confict at kargil with india after acqwiring nuclear capabillites. In addition there have been serval minor border skirmishes with neighbouring Afghanistan after september 11 attacks the militaned is engaged a protracted low intenity confict along pakistan western border with aghanistan with the Taliban and Al qaeda militers as well as those who support or provide shelter to them in addition pakistan troops have also particpated in various foregin conficts usually acting as united nations peackeeprs. At present pakistan has the fargest number of its personnel acting under the united nations with the number standing at 10,173 as of 31 March 2007,

Main Article.

(UN PEACKEEPING MISSION).

United nation peaking mission involing pakistan).

In the wake of the new world power equlibring a more complex security enviroment has emergad it is charactized by growing national power politics and state implosing which have necessitated nivolvement of the united nations peace keeping froces for confict resoultion. The united nation has been undertaking peace keeping operations since for employment of increased singnificanty since the gulf war in 1992, there were 11,000 bluce berets deployed arouind the world by, the end of the year the figure rose to 82,000 presently it exceeds 80,000 trops.

Artical, (CROPS),

A crops is an Army field formation responisable for a zone with in a command theatre. There are three types of croups in the pakistan Army strike holding and mixed. A command Gernerally consists of two or more crops a crops has army divisons under its command the crops hq is the highest field. 2012, an avalanche sturck the 6th Novmber light infantry battalion headquarters in gahyari sector of siachen entrapping 135 soldiers.

(1971-1977)

A Pakistan International Arilines) 

A Pakistan international  Arilines  PIA fight wasent to petch zulfikar ali from new york. Who at that times was presenting pakistan case before the united stated. on the east pakistan crisis. Bhutto retuned home on 18 December 1971, on 20 december he was taken to the presdint house in Rawlpind where he took over tow positions from yahya khan one as president and the other as chief matrial law administrator. The he was the first civilan chief mattial law administrator of pakistan.

1977-1999)

IN PAKISTAN. 

In 1977 a coup operation fir play was staged by General Zia ul haq and the Government was overthrown. This led to the hanging of bhutto after he was tried and proelaimed guilty of conspiracy of muderiy a political oppent by zia handpicked judges Zia ratracted on his promise of holding elections with in 90 days and ruled as a military dictator antil his death. In an air carsh in 1988 and Genreal Mohammad iqbal khan served as joint chief from 1980 to 1984 and was the chief martial law.

Officer during that time in mid 1970 the pakistan Army was involved in fighting an uprising in the province of Banlochistan various baloch factions wanted independence or at least greater provinacal right. The Rebellion was put down on the behest of the bhutto Goverment but the Army suffered heavy casualties After bhutto was deposed the province Returned to normaicy under General Rahim u din in 1980, The Pakistan Armed forces co- opertead with the united state to provide arms ammunition assistance to afghan rebels who were fighting the soviet invasion of afganistan.

During Gulf war the pakistan army contributed troops for the defence of Saudi- Arabia against a possibile attack by IRAQ The 153 sp Air defence Regiment deployed in tabuk socred multiple hints on number  Iraqi Scuds and provided round the clock air defence protection to Saudi troops in the area.

(1969-1971)

MAIN ARTICLES 1971 BANGLADESH OFROCITIES OPERATION SEARCH LITHG AND BANGLADESH LIBRATION WAR.

During the rule of yahya khan the people east pakistan protested against various political and enocomic disparties that had been imposed on them by west pakistan and massive civil unrest broke out in east pakistan during operations aganist these rebles which was called operation searchlight, some factions of the pakistan army were responisbll for the 1971, Bangladesh atrocites beginning with the start operations searchlight on 25 march 1971, and due the Bangladesh liberation war. There were numerous human Right abuses in Gast Pakistan(Now Bangladesh) perpetrated by the pakistan Army. with sport from local political and religious militas especially aganist hindu. Time reported a high ranking us official as saying it is the most incredibll calcultaed thing since the days of the nazis in poland. The orginal plan envisioned taking control of the major cities on 26 march 1971, and the elimminating all  oposittion political or with in one month. The prolonged  Bengail resistanee was not anticipad by pakistan planners. The main phase of operation search light ended with the fall of the last major twon in Bengali hands in the mid of may soon heavy fighting broke out between the pakistan army and the Indian backed bangli rebell in.

This period the pakistan army killed an estimate ranging form 26,000 to as many 3 million people. In December 1971, pakistan attacked INDIA western Air bases in an attempt to thwart INDIAN support for the rebels. This officially led to start of the Pakistan-India war of 1971 in the eastern theatre the pakistan army was decimated by the Indian army rebles while in the western front the pakistan army was dffeated in the Battles of basanter and Longewalla on 16, December 1971, lt Genral Amir abudl Khan niazi co , of  Pakistan Army Forces located in east pakistan signed the instrument of surrendr over 93,000 pakistani personnel surrehdered to the joint indian and bangli forces making it the largest surrender since world war war in 1997. R.J Rummel published a book called statistics of domicde Genocide and mass murder since 1900. Chapter called statistics of pakistan demicde estimates calculation and sources. he looks at the 1971,  Bangli libeoation war Rummel worte in east pakistan(Bangladesh), the president and his top Generals also plamed to murder its bengali intellectual cultural and political elite. They also planned to indiscrimnataly murder hunndreds of thousands of its Hindus and drive the rest into India and they planned to destory its economic base to insure that it would be subordinate to west pakistan for least a generation to come.

This plane may be perceived as genocide according to maj(retd) Agha humayn amin, the pakistan army commanders had not seriously considered an indian invasion of east pakistan unitl december 1971, because it was presumed that the Indian military wuld not Risk intervention by China of the united states(US), who were generally close Pakistan allies maj mazhar states that the pakistan Army senior Commando failed to realize that the Chinese would be unable to intervene during the winter months of Novmber to December. Due to snowbound himalayan passes and the (US), had not made any real effort to persuade India aganist attacking  East Pakistan.

(PART.2. HISTROY OF PAKISTAN ARMY.)

Aid from the united states and Great Britan after siging two mutual defence treaties the baghadad pact wich led to the formation of the central treaty oryanization CENTO Aisa treaty oryanization SEATO in 1954 This aid Greatly expanded the Pakistan Army from modest beginnings.


(1958-1969). Main Article INDO- PAK war 1965.

The Pakistan Army took over from politicians for the first time when Genral Ayub khan came to power through a bloodies coup in 1958 he forned convention muslim lergue which included Zulfkar Ali Bhutto. who would later become pakistan first democratically elected prime minister.Tension with INDIA flared in the 1960 and briff border skirmish was fought near the Rann of Kutch area during April 1965. The war began after the failure of operation gibraltar on 5 august 1965. On the night of 6 September 1965. the INDIAN Army oppened the war front of the province of Punjab of Pakistan. The INDIAN Army almost Reached near the Pakistan city of Lahore.But the Pakistan Army eventually managed to halt the indian Military advance. The war eventually ended with a united nations backed ceasefir and war followed bu the Tashkent  Declaration.According to the Library of congress county studies conducted by the federal research division of the united state.The war was mostly inconclusive militarly each side held prisoners and some territory belonging to the other.
                                  An uprising aganist General Ayub Khan relinquishing his office as president and commandar in chief of army in favour of Genral Ayub Khan. Who assumed power in 1969 the 16th Division 18th Division and the 23th Division were raised at some point btween 1966 and 1969 and the Division was also re rasied during the period.